|
The Cry of Pugad Lawin (), alternately and originally referred to as the Cry of Balintawak (, (スペイン語:Grito de Balíntawak)), was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. At the close of August 1896, members of the ''Katipunan'' secret society (''Katipuneros'') led by Andrés Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere in an area referred to as Kalookan, wider than the jurisdiction of present-day Caloocan City which may have overlapped into present-day Quezon City.〔 Originally the term "Cry" referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards (''Guardia Civil''). The cry could also refer to the tearing up of community tax certificates (''cédulas personales'') in defiance of their allegiance to Spain. This was literally accompanied by patriotic shouts.〔 Because of competing accounts and ambiguity of the place where this event took place, the exact date and place of the ''Cry'' is in contention.〔.〕 From 1908 until 1963, the official stance was that the ''Cry'' occurred on August 26 in Balintawak. In 1963 the Philippine government declared a shift to August 23 in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City.〔 ==Different dates and places== Various accounts give differing dates and places for the Cry. An officer of the Spanish ''guardia civil'', Lt. Olegario Diaz, stated that the Cry took place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896. Historian Teodoro Kalaw in his 1925 book ''The Filipino Revolution'' wrote that the event took place during the last week of August 1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak. Santiago Alvarez, a ''Katipunero'' and son of Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the Magdiwang faction in Cavite, stated in 1927 that the Cry took place in Bahay Toro, now in Quezon City on August 24, 1896. Pío Valenzuela, a close associate of Andrés Bonifacio, declared in 1948 that it happened in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896. Historian Gregorio Zaide stated in his books in 1954 that the "Cry" happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896. Fellow historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in 1956 that it took place in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, based on Pío Valenzuela's statement. Accounts by historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas claim the event to have taken place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon City.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.filipinojournal.com/v2/index.php?pagetype=read&article_num=08062009225054 )〕 Some of the apparent confusion is in part due to the double meanings of the terms "Balintawak" and "Kalookan" at the turn of the century. Balintawak referred both to a specific place in modern Caloocan and a wider area which included parts of modern Quezon City. Similarly, Kalookan referred to modern Caloocan and also a wider area which included modern Quezon City and part of modern Pasig. Pugad Lawin, Pasong Tamo, Kangkong and other specific places were all in "greater Balintawak", which was in turn part of "greater Caloocan".〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cry of Pugad Lawin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|